Civilizations in decline: Ottomans, Egypt, and China Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilizations pg 593-604
Ottoman crisis- Weak political and social order governed by an even weak sultan causeing power strugles
Competition between elites. Ex: Provincial officals
Artistan work depleted from competition of imports from Europe= urbanization riots
Merchants undermine industries within the empire to Westearn manufacture
Lack of resourcese to imporve military and protyect empire from invading Europeans
Loss pf territory through war and independence
Reform and Survival
Fear between kept reighn of Ottomans by either the British of Russia keeps Ottomans survival to the 20th century
Reforms create tensiton upon elite
Sultan Selim III- belife of dorder inituitives to keep dynasty alive by adding reforms in navy/military and administratives cost him his thrown by Janissary revolt of 1807
Muhammad- sucess were Selim could not by aild of Europeans. Slaughtered Janisary gorups and alllies
Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)
Complete Westernization in not only political form but schools such as in science and math to the technology of press and telograph systems
-legal reforms (1876) creating constitution
economicaly the ottomans rose steadily
Effected by Western refoms were artisitans due to removal of imports on trade and internal competition
-Also Women positions were debated by Ottoman intellecs- However the popsition of wormen increased latter on
Repression and Revolt
New elites clash with conservative power groups such as Ulman and Ayan
Abdui Hamid sultan tried to return to desposits absolutism against Westernization control and nulified the constitution and restricted civil liberties. However some ideas were kept such as military and rail road to Baghdad
End despotism in 1908 bring the Otoman Society for Union Progress In Paris 1889 professingf loyalty to Otoman regime by polital and intellectual leaders
Young turks try to come into position to save the continuios fall of the Ottoman regime. However they could not set past there turkish ways
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in Arab Islamic Heartlands
Ottoman falls leaves Arab Heartlands at risk of European powers
Muhamad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt
Napolean invasion (1798) and clash with British arms to defen Mamluk regime in egypt
Muslim core vulnerable to European agression
Muhamad Ali rises as Ruler ater french (Napolean) withdrawl
Brought up to date European style military and Western style conscription among Peasantry
Territorial expansion leaves Egypt open to Europe powers
After his death a succession of rulers called kehdives (1867) took over until 1952 of Abdul Nasser
Bankruptcy, European intervention, and stratagies of resitance
Peasants go hungry
Egypt dependant on single export of cotton
Wasted findings to Egypt campaigns to assert authority and extravagant past times of elite
Debt to Europeans
Suez canal (1869) transformed Egypt into most stratagixed place on earth (connection of medeteraninan to red sea)
-Vital commercial and military link between Europe and colonial powers in Asia and East Africa
Muslim intellect thinkers such as Afghani and his disciple Muhammad Abduh stresed need for muslims to barrow scientific learnings and tech from West in order to innovate
British intervention began domains without administrative
Jihad and the Madist Revolt
Egyptian try to gain rule in Sudan (1820's) but were resisted
Egyptian authourity concentrated in river towns such as Khar town- Center of Egyptian administrations in Sudan
By 1870's Egyptian oppression and British intervention brought resentment and hostility
Muhamad Achmad known as decent of Muhammad and Mahdi (deliver)
-his jihad (followers) proclaimed against Egyptian hericits and British infidels
Violent purge of Islam
Use of guerrillas tactics
After his death successor= Khalifa Abudallahi
Division between Islamic communities increased.
General patterns associated with decline of civilizations
Internal and External weaknesses
Ex. pre ndustrial era: slow communication systems.
-Ethnic regional and religious differennces
self serving coruption
Sense of pleasure corupts elites and political foundations
Military increase
The Last Dynasty: The rise and Full of Quing Empire in China
MI: Manchu nomads conqure China by incorporating Confucian ideas within the system
Manchu nomads conquest of China was unexpected
Nurhaci brought unity within the tribes and combined the cavalry of each tribe to form a military elite of banner armies bringing Manchu under his control
Manchu adapts Chinese ways
The declining Ming dynasty left room for conquer of China the armies force submission by nomadic people to the wast bringing Quing Dynasty
retained examination on system
In cooperated their Confucian ideas within the system
Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Quing rule
MI: Manchu rulers focus on alleviating of rural distress and expansion brings less taxes and increasing silver
Preserving of Chinese society and political system
Women- confined to house hold
- due to the marriges at all social leveles forcing the son to take over the daughters home creates sex discrimination to begin for more sons instead of daughters
Alleviating of rural distress and unrest and unrest from post Ming rule
-taxes and state demands lowered
-Imperial budget used for repairs
open land settled wit h power of landlords for growing population
landlords over power creating gap between rural gentry and ordinary peasants and laborers
Commercial and urban expansion increase (silver)
-profits from oversees trade give rise to wealthy new group of merchants (comparders)
Riot from within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and social Disintegration
MI: Cheating within exam systems and bribes bring unfit ruler within political systems without concern for peasant class
Decline
Exam systems riddled with cheating and favoritism
Anyone with money could by a post for their sons within the system (government)
less concern was seen for the effects of bureaucratic discussions of peasantry and urban labors
failing of funds in military and work projects
most effected- Shenders pennisura with wiped out land due to unffinished dikes
food shortages
land lord demands push migration
Barbarians at southern Gates: The Opium war and After
European powers underesitmated by Manchu
British form Opium, which was growing in the hills of eastern India
on the eve of Opium war nearly 40,000 chests were imported by Chinese
opium trade threat to economy and social order
Lin Zeux sent out to stamp out trade issued a block aid and destroyed chests wich enranged the Europeans who began looking for compensation
When Lin created an anti Opium compaighn, war broke out in 1830
No match for British ships and forced China to open trade with diplomatic exchange
Civilizations at risk of Rebellion and failed reforms
MI: With the Manchu underestimating European powers Europeans were able to slip their way in through trade of opium corrupting Chinese political system and war
Loss in Opium war brings crisis to Quing empire and Chinese civilizations
Taiping Rebellion to west led by Hong Xiuquan
-Created an army of all genders
-Captured territary in South central china froming Nanjing capital
-Inner quarling within army
-The ban of opium and Hong Christian teachings allianted Europeans
Tapping reform aided in social, reform, land redistributian, and liberation of wormen
-attacked Confucian elite
-Attack of scholar gentry cheif source of power led to their defeat
Reforms to corrupt bureacracy and Chinese economy- Selfish- streanghening movement
-Encouraged Western Investment
-Modernized armies
Manchu rulers resisted for reaching reforms which were only hope to regime
Next power behind thrown Cixi (empress)
- Blocked reforms
Manchus left to rely on divisions among officials and Europen powers to maintain control
Fall of Quing: The end of a Civilization
MI: Loss of Opium war brings crisis to Quing empire and Chineses Civilization. Opressed reforms were taken through out years of sucession
Resistance to Quing by secret societies
Scholar gentry and merchant in port cities join secret societies against regime in hopes of defeating Manchu and passing power to Western educated reformist leaders
Fought relife for social class
Hositle middle class to imperialist powers in Chinese affairs
Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilizations
pg 593-604
Reform and Survival
- Fear between kept reighn of Ottomans by either the British of Russia keeps Ottomans survival to the 20th century
- Reforms create tensiton upon elite
- Sultan Selim III- belife of dorder inituitives to keep dynasty alive by adding reforms in navy/military and administratives cost him his thrown by Janissary revolt of 1807
- Muhammad- sucess were Selim could not by aild of Europeans. Slaughtered Janisary gorups and alllies
- Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)
- Complete Westernization in not only political form but schools such as in science and math to the technology of press and telograph systems
-legal reforms (1876) creating constitution- economicaly the ottomans rose steadily
- Effected by Western refoms were artisitans due to removal of imports on trade and internal competition
-Also Women positions were debated by Ottoman intellecs- However the popsition of wormen increased latter onRepression and Revolt
- New elites clash with conservative power groups such as Ulman and Ayan
- Abdui Hamid sultan tried to return to desposits absolutism against Westernization control and nulified the constitution and restricted civil liberties. However some ideas were kept such as military and rail road to Baghdad
- End despotism in 1908 bring the Otoman Society for Union Progress In Paris 1889 professingf loyalty to Otoman regime by polital and intellectual leaders
- Young turks try to come into position to save the continuios fall of the Ottoman regime. However they could not set past there turkish ways
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in Arab Islamic HeartlandsMuhamad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt
- Napolean invasion (1798) and clash with British arms to defen Mamluk regime in egypt
- Muslim core vulnerable to European agression
- Muhamad Ali rises as Ruler ater french (Napolean) withdrawl
- Brought up to date European style military and Western style conscription among Peasantry
- Territorial expansion leaves Egypt open to Europe powers
- After his death a succession of rulers called kehdives (1867) took over until 1952 of Abdul Nasser
Bankruptcy, European intervention, and stratagies of resitance- Peasants go hungry
- Egypt dependant on single export of cotton
- Wasted findings to Egypt campaigns to assert authority and extravagant past times of elite
- Debt to Europeans
- Suez canal (1869) transformed Egypt into most stratagixed place on earth (connection of medeteraninan to red sea)
-Vital commercial and military link between Europe and colonial powers in Asia and East Africa- Muslim intellect thinkers such as Afghani and his disciple Muhammad Abduh stresed need for muslims to barrow scientific learnings and tech from West in order to innovate
- British intervention began domains without administrative
Jihad and the Madist Revolt- Egyptian try to gain rule in Sudan (1820's) but were resisted
- Egyptian authourity concentrated in river towns such as Khar town- Center of Egyptian administrations in Sudan
- By 1870's Egyptian oppression and British intervention brought resentment and hostility
- Muhamad Achmad known as decent of Muhammad and Mahdi (deliver)
-his jihad (followers) proclaimed against Egyptian hericits and British infidels- General patterns associated with decline of civilizations
- Internal and External weaknesses
- Ex. pre ndustrial era: slow communication systems.
-Ethnic regional and religious differenncesThe Last Dynasty: The rise and Full of Quing Empire in China
MI: Manchu nomads conqure China by incorporating Confucian ideas within the system
Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Quing rule
MI: Manchu rulers focus on alleviating of rural distress and expansion brings less taxes and increasing silver
- Preserving of Chinese society and political system
- Women- confined to house hold
- due to the marriges at all social leveles forcing the son to take over the daughters home creates sex discrimination to begin for more sons instead of daughters- Alleviating of rural distress and unrest and unrest from post Ming rule
-taxes and state demands lowered-Imperial budget used for repairs
- open land settled wit h power of landlords for growing population
- landlords over power creating gap between rural gentry and ordinary peasants and laborers
- Commercial and urban expansion increase (silver)
-profits from oversees trade give rise to wealthy new group of merchants (comparders)Riot from within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and social Disintegration
MI: Cheating within exam systems and bribes bring unfit ruler within political systems without concern for peasant class
Barbarians at southern Gates: The Opium war and After
Civilizations at risk of Rebellion and failed reforms
MI: With the Manchu underestimating European powers Europeans were able to slip their way in through trade of opium corrupting Chinese political system and war
- Loss in Opium war brings crisis to Quing empire and Chinese civilizations
- Taiping Rebellion to west led by Hong Xiuquan
-Created an army of all genders-Captured territary in South central china froming Nanjing capital
-Inner quarling within army
-The ban of opium and Hong Christian teachings allianted Europeans
- Tapping reform aided in social, reform, land redistributian, and liberation of wormen
-attacked Confucian elite-Attack of scholar gentry cheif source of power led to their defeat
- Reforms to corrupt bureacracy and Chinese economy- Selfish- streanghening movement
-Encouraged Western Investment-Modernized armies
- Manchu rulers resisted for reaching reforms which were only hope to regime
- Next power behind thrown Cixi (empress)
- Blocked reformsFall of Quing: The end of a Civilization
MI: Loss of Opium war brings crisis to Quing empire and Chineses Civilization. Opressed reforms were taken through out years of sucession
- Resistance to Quing by secret societies
- Scholar gentry and merchant in port cities join secret societies against regime in hopes of defeating Manchu and passing power to Western educated reformist leaders
- Fought relife for social class
- Hositle middle class to imperialist powers in Chinese affairs
-cut off of ponytails to join uprising